머리말
사람들은 보편성을 강조하고 공동체와 같음의 기준으로 서로를 비교하고 일반성을 강조한다. 그래서 우리와 다르면 경시하거나 무시하는 경향이 있다. 보편성과 공통성을 지나치게 강조하다 보면 개성이 무시되고 차이남을 이상하게 볼 수 있다. 그러나 다름과 차이는 개성이고 개인의 독특한 장점이 될 수 있다. 우리 주변을 보면 다양한 사람들과 다양한 성격과 개성을 가진 사람들이 더불어 사회를 살아가고 있다. 개성이 중시되고 다름이 강조되고 오히려 장점이 되는 세상이다.
장애를 어떻게 볼 것인가? 특수교육이나 재활이라는 시각에서 장애를 보는 것 또한 어떤 의미에서 차이와 분리가 될 수 있다. 그러나 장애인을 더 잘 이해하고 이들의 다름을 존중하고 개성과 장점으로 인식할 수 있는 시각이 필요하다. 장애인들도 더 큰 틀에서 일반인들과 이웃하며 보편적이고 공동체의 기준에서 더불어 살아갈 수 있는 존재가 되어야 한다.
이러한 생각으로 ‘장애인의 이해’라는 책을 쓰게 되었다. 장애인이 일반인과 어떻게 다른가에 대한 생각보다는 그들의 기준에서 공통점과 장점이 무엇인가에 대한 이해를 더 높이기 위해 노력하였다. 특수교육이나 재활이라는 관점보다는 장애에 대한 기본적인 이해에 중점을 두려고 하였다. 그리고 장애인들이 우리와 같이 생활하면서 어려움을 겪고 있는 차별성과 불평등에 대한 부분이 무엇인지 알아보려고 하였다. 또한 일반인들이 보는 편견과 차별에 대한 것도 다루고자 하였다.
이러한 저자들의 고민이 보기에 따라서는 아직 부족하거나 전문적인 용어의 나열이 될 수 있다고 본다. 또한 장애를 더 깊이 있게 다루지 못한 부분도 있다. 향후 부족한 부분은 충분히 수정 보완하고자 한다.
끝으로 이 책의 나오기까지 수고해 주신 양서원에 깊은 감사를 드린다.
2018. 8.
저자 일동
차례
머리말 / 2
chapter 1. 장애, 장애인 이해하기
1. 장애의 개념 이해 ······················································································································· 15
1) 세계보건기구(WHO)의 장애 정의 / 16
2) 장애인 당사자 진영의 장애 정의 / 18
2. 장애의 원인과 출현율 ··········································································································· 19
1) 장애의 원인 / 19
2) 장애의 유형과 출현율 / 20
3. 인식의 변화: 장애인 이해를 방해하는 생물학적 한계의 극복 ····· 22
4. 함께 사는 세상을 위한 실천 ··························································································· 27
chapter 2. 시각장애인의 이해
1. 시각장애의 정의 ························································································································· 32
2. 시각장애의 분류 ························································································································· 33
3. 시각장애의 원인 ························································································································· 35
1) 시각의 구조 / 35
2) 시각장애 원인 / 35
4. 시각장애의 판별 ························································································································· 39
1) 시각장애의 발견 / 39
2) 시각장애의 선별 / 40
3) 시각장애의 판별 / 41
5. 시각장애인의 특성 ··················································································································· 41
1) 신체 및 행동 특성 / 41
2) 학습 및 언어 특성 / 42
3) 사회 정서적 특성 / 42
6. 시각장애인 이해하기 ············································································································· 43
1) 점자 / 43
2) 이동훈련 / 44
3) 시각장애인과 공학 / 47
4) 시각장애인에 대한 예절 / 51
chapter 3. 청각장애인의 이해
1. 청각장애의 정의 및 원인 ··································································································· 54
2. 청각장애의 분류 및 특성 ··································································································· 57
1) 청각장애의 분류 / 57
2) 청각장애의 특성 / 62
3. 진단 및 평가 ··································································································································· 62
1) 유소아 청력검사 / 63
2) 순음청력검사 / 63
3) 어음청력검사 / 65
4) 객관적 청력검사 / 66
4. 청각장애보장구 ··························································································································· 66
1) 보청기 / 66
2) 인공와우 / 67
5. 청각장애인과 의사소통하는 방법 ············································································· 69
1) 필담 / 69
2) 구화법 / 69
3) 수화법 / 70
4) 큐드스피치 / 70
5) 지문자 / 71
chapter 4. 지체장애
1. 지체장애 ············································································································································· 75
1) 지체장애의 정의 / 75
2) 지체장애의 원인 / 75
3) 지체장애의 종류 / 76
4) 지체장애의 특성 / 78
2. 뇌병변장애 ······································································································································· 80
1) 뇌병변장애의 정의 / 80
2) 뇌병변장애의 원인 / 80
3) 뇌병변장애의 종류 / 80
4) 뇌병변장애의 특징 / 83
3. 지체장애 학생에 대한 교육지원 ················································································· 84
1) 수업에 들어가고 나오기 / 84
2) 수업 중 / 85
3) 과제물 / 85
4. 지체장애인에 대한 예절 ····································································································· 86
chapter 5. 지적장애인의 이해
1. 지적장애인의 명칭 붙이기 ······························································································· 96
2. 지적장애의 정의 및 분류 ··································································································· 98
3. 지적장애의 원인 ························································································································· 99
1) 생물학적 요인 / 100
2) 심리사회적 영향 / 103
4. 지적장애인의 특성 ················································································································ 104
1) 일반적 특성 / 104
2) 성격 특성의 일반적 경향 / 105
3) 가정에서의 특성 / 105
4) 학교에서의 특성 / 106
5. 지적장애인 바로 알기 ········································································································ 106
1) 지적장애인에 대한 잘못된 편견 / 106
2) 지적장애인에 대하여 함께 고민해 볼 문제 / 107
chapter 6. 정서 및 행동장애인의 이해
1. 정서 및 행동장애의 정의와 분류 ············································································ 112
1) 정서 및 행동장애의 정의 / 112
2) 정서 및 행동장애의 분류 / 116
2. 정서 및 행동장애의 원인과 특성 ············································································ 119
1) 정서 및 행동장애의 원인 / 119
2) 정서 및 행동장애의 특성 / 124
3. 정서 및 행동장애를 위한 지원 ·················································································· 126
chapter 7. 자폐범주성 장애인의 이해
1. 자폐스펙트럼장애의 정의 ······························································································ 133
1) 용어의 유래 / 133
2) 정의 / 133
2. 자폐스펙트럼장애의 원인 ······························································································ 135
1) 정신역동적 요인 / 135
2) 생물학적 요인 / 136
3. 자폐스펙트럼장애의 특성 ······························································································ 138
1) 마음 읽기의 결함 / 138
2) 사회적 의사소통과 상호작용의 장애 / 139
3) 의사소통과 언어의 결함 / 139
4) 제한적이고 반복적, 의식적인 행동과 동일성에 대한 고집 / 140
5) 감각정보 처리의 특이성 / 141
4. 자폐스펙트럼장애인을 위한 지원 ·········································································· 142
1) 마음 읽기 가르치기 / 142
2) 의사소통 지원하기 / 144
3) 학습환경 지원하기 / 144
chapter 8. 학습장애인의 이해
1. 학습장애의 정의와 분류 ·································································································· 148
1) 학습장애의 정의 / 148
2) 학습장애의 분류 / 150
2. 학습장애의 원인과 특성 ·································································································· 152
1) 학습장애의 원인 / 152
2) 학습장애의 특성 / 155
3. 학습장애를 위한 지원 ········································································································ 159
1) 학습전략의 지도 / 159
2) 기초 교과 학습기술 지도 / 161
3) 직업교육 / 166
chapter 9. 의사소통장애인의 이해
1. 의사소통장애의 정의 ·········································································································· 170
2. 의사소통장애의 분류 및 원인 ···················································································· 174
1) 단순언어장애 / 175
2) 조음음운장애 / 175
3) 음성장애 / 176
4) 유창성장애 / 177
3. 의사소통장애의 평가 ·········································································································· 178
1) 단순언어장애 / 178
2) 조음음운장애 / 179
3) 음성장애 / 179
4) 유창성장애 / 180
4. 의사소통장애의 지도 ·········································································································· 182
1) 단순언어장애 / 182
2) 조음음운장애 / 182
3) 음성장애 / 184
4) 유창성장애 / 185
chapter 10. 장애학생의 통합교육
1. 통합교육의 개념과 목적 ·································································································· 191
1) 통합교육의 정의 / 191
2) 통합교육의 목적 / 193
2. 통합교육의 배경 ······················································································································ 195
1) 정상화 원리 / 195
2) 탈시설수용화 / 196
3) 최소제한환경 / 196
4) 주류화 / 197
5) 완전통합과 완전참여 / 197
3. 장애학생 통합교육을 위한 교육적 배치 ·························································· 200
1) 통합교육 관점에서 장애학생의 교육적 배치 / 200
2) 분리교육 관점에서 장애학생의 교육적 배치 / 201
4. 대학에서 통합교육에 미치는 요인 ········································································ 202
1) 사회적 통합: 통합적인 학교 문화 조성 / 202
2) 학교 구성원의 리더십 / 205
3) 모든 학생을 위한 교육과정 설계 / 206
4) 교직원의 협력적 팀 구성 및 활동 / 207
chapter 11. 장애인 차별금지
1. 장애인 권리운동과 차별금지 ······················································································ 214
2. 장애인 차별의 개념 ·············································································································· 215
3. 장애인 차별의 유형과 영역 ·························································································· 216
1) 장애인 차별의 유형 / 216
2) 장애인 차별의 영역 / 219
4. 장애 유형별 인권 차별 사례 ························································································ 226
1) 신체적 장애인 인권 차별 / 226
2) 정신적 장애인 인권 차별 / 231
5. 장애인 차별과 권리구제 ·································································································· 233
1) 국가인권위원회의 시정권고 / 233
2) 법무부장관의 시정명령권 / 234
3) 법원의 구제조치 제도 / 234
chapter 12. 장애인 가족지원
1. 장애인 가족의 이해 ·············································································································· 239
1) 가족 개념과 기능 / 239
2) 장애인 가족에 대한 이해 / 241
2. 장애인 연령에 따른 요구 변화 ·················································································· 244
1) 영유아기 단계의 가족 / 244
2) 아동기 단계의 가족 / 245
3) 청소년기 단계의 가족 / 247
4) 성인기 단계의 가족 / 247
3. 장애인 가족 지원 ···················································································································· 248
1) 가족 지원 개념과 목적 / 248
2) 가족 지원 프로그램의 원리 / 250
3) 가족 지원의 내용과 관련 법 / 252
chapter 13. 장애인과 성
1. 장애인과 성 문제 ···················································································································· 256
2. 장애인을 위한 성교육의 필요성 ·············································································· 259
3. 사회적 기술 교육과 성교육 기법의 기초 ························································ 262
4. 장애인 성교육 프로그램의 구성요소 ·································································· 267
1) 자조기술 / 268
2) 신체 변화에 대한 인식 / 268
3) 자기결정기술 / 271
4) 대인관계기술 / 272
5) 사회적 기술 / 273
6) 성적 권리와 기회 / 274
5. 장애인의 성에 대한 지원(부모 관점) ································································· 275
1) 장애를 가진 자녀의 성에 대한 부모의 입장 / 277
2) 장애를 가진 자녀의 성에 대한 부모의 지원 / 281
chapter 14. 장애인의 문화예술 활동
1. 장애인 문화예술의 개념 ·································································································· 289
2. 장애인 문화예술 활동의 중요성 ·············································································· 290
1) 문화예술 활동은 세상과 소통하는 도구 / 290
2) 문화예술 활동은 타인과의 유대관계 형성 / 292
3) 문화예술 활동은 사회적 통합 촉진 / 293
3. 장애인 문화예술 관련법 ·································································································· 294
1) 문화기본법 / 295
2) 문화예술진흥법 / 295
3) 장애인차별금지 및 권리구제 등에 관한 법률 / 296
4) 장애인 문화예술 정부 지원사업 / 297
4. 장애인의 문화예술 활동의 사례 ·············································································· 299
1) 문학 활동 / 299
2) 체육 활동 / 300
3) 미술 활동 / 302
4) 음악 활동 / 304
참고문헌 / 306
찾아보기 / 319
김형일
나사렛대학교 중등특수교육학과 교수
<저서> 전환교육의 이해와 실행(2010)
지적장애학생의 이해와 교육(2015) 외 다수
<논문> 지적장애학생의 사회적 정보처리 능력 연구 외
김대룡
나사렛대학교 재활자립학부 교수
<저서> 사회적 기술 활동들(2015)
인지 및 지적장애의 이해(2017) 외 다수
<논문> 직업과 연계된 STS 과학수업이 발달장애 대학생의 과학지식, 진로태도,
과학교육태도에 미치는 영향 외
김희규
나사렛대학교 특수교육학과 교수
<저서> 특수교육 과학과교육의 이론과 실제(2018)
특수학급경영론(2014) 외 다수
<논문> 모의 수업 실연 과정이 예비 특수교육 교사의 과학과 교수내용지식 이해에
미치는 효과 외
옥정달
사렛대학교 중등특수교육학과 교수
<저서> 특수교육학개론(2010) 외 다수
<논문> 청각장애대학생의 어휘다양도에 관한 연구 외
우주형
나사렛대학교 인간재활학과 교수
<저서> 장애인복지론(2011) 외 다수
<논문> 장애인복지 관련 법제의 발전방향 외
유장순
나사렛대학교 중등특수교육학과 교수
<저서> 특수교육교과교재 연구 및 지도법(2016)
장애학생을 위한 국어교육의 이론과 실제(2018) 외 다수
<논문> 통합교육 운영 만족 예측모형 분석에 근거한 통합교육 개선 방안 외
채희태
사렛대학교 특수교육학과 교수
<저서> 중도⋅중복장애인의 교육과 복지(2012)
지체장애학생의 이해와 교육(2016) 외 다수
<논문> 특수교육의 성찰과제로서 인종주의와 장애인차별 외
